Social and Racial Discrimination, the Legality of Possession and Use of Personal Weapons in the United States Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The juries should ensure all cases are handled with care and self-esteem to ensure justice on all occasions. The Suffolk County Grand Jury greatly lowered the pending charges against the 53-year-old man to the assassination of a murder of a 17-year-old by use of a gun. The jury advocated that the 53-year-old man took the step of shooting as a form of defending himself and his home. The defendant pleaded not guilty to the killing and weapon penalties that resulted in the death of Cicciaro. The defendant was charged by the grand jury due to the emotional charges and conflicting testimonies from witnesses who ostensibly stood by him by suggesting that the reckless act didn t happen intentionally. Where justice is needed, there must be a well-designed outcome for the case at hand. While Mr. White was taken to the jury room about the murder, lots of tension got in and several noises could be heard ( Whittle Erik 1). Larche one of the jury s together with others cast his vote that Mr. White is guilty about the charges while one of ten jury felt not convinced about the guilt charges sealing the fate of Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Racial Discrimination, the Legality of Possession and Use of Personal Weapons in the United States or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now White. Larche concluded the process of a joke. The strong worship foundation of someone can make an individual, to tell the truth, or lies depending on the occurrence of certain activities. Mr. White as a strong Christian felt sorrow for the family and asked God for forgiveness for what he did. The 57-year-old man who was also a deacon felt sorrow at Faith Baptist Church in Coram talked forcefully about the case that fall on him about the murder of the Cicciaro. Mr. White emotionally talked about the horrors of prison (Nir 3). Mr. White as a Christian could describe prison as the upside-down kingdom where the right things can be proven wrong while the wrong can qualify to be right. The African American leaders later pushed for freedom of Mr. White. Governor Paterson and Rev. Al Sharpton made a big push for freedom of Mr. White even without consulting the family of Cicciaro.

Intrusive Images, Neural Mechanisms, And Treatment...

Intrusive Images and Why They Occur: A Summary When most people hear the word â€Å"psychology† they immediately think of the abnormal aspects associated with certain branches of psychology. In this article titled: Intrusive Images in Psychological Disorders: Characteristics, Neural Mechanisms, and Treatment Implications, we learn about involuntary images and memories that occur in the minds of patients who suffer from abnormal disorders such as PTSD, other anxiety disorders, eating disorders, depression, and psychosis. This article written by Chris R. Brewin, James D. Gregory, Michelle Lipton, and Neil Burgess describes the occurrence of intrusions in patients with these disorders, gives us a neural map of the occurrence in the different disorders, provides a revised dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder, and discusses treatment implications associated with the new revised model to compare it with existing forms of psychological therapy. Characteristics â€Å"Intrusions are instances of involuntary or direct, as opposed to voluntary retrieval in that their appearance in consciousness is spontaneous rather than following a deliberate effort or search† (Brewin et al., 2010, p. 210). When speaking of intrusions, many think of them to be common as they often associate intrusions with involuntary remembering, but in this article, researchers focus on the intrusive images. What is mostly known of intrusive images comes from observation ofShow MoreRelatedTransdiagnostic Cbt5615 Words   |  23 Pagesthat the therapist will be highly trained in the use of the model to deliver the approach for each disorder (Salkovskis 2002). Disorder specific models are seen to be easily delivered, able to define a number of sessions, which have positive implications for health economics and seem to correlate with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Cognitive therapy models were developed traditionally on Ellis (1958) Beck’s (1976) theory, which asserts that distorted or dysfunctionalRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesIntelligence Systems 234 Knowledge Management Systems 237 Two Recent KMS Initiatives within a Pharmaceutical Firm KMS Success 240 Artificial Intelligence 241 Expert Systems 241 Obtaining an Expert System 242 Examples of Expert Systems 242 Neural Networks 244 Virtual Reality 245 Review Questions 250 †¢ Discussion Questions 250 †¢ Bibliography 251 Chapter 7 E-Business Systems 253 Brief History of the Internet E-Business Technologies 254 254 Legal and Regulatory Environment Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization

Inhibitors of Plasmodium Falciparum Phosphoethanolamine

Question: Discuss about the Inhibitors of Plasmodium Falciparum Phosphoethanolamine. Answer: Introduction: 4-aminoquinoline drug, used to treat malaria infection (Plasmodium ovale, P. vivax and P. malariae) (Na-Bangchang and Karbwang, 2009; Petersen, Eastman and Lanzer, 2011). Malaria parasite is present in its asexual stage in the red blood corpuscles (RBC) where it breaks hemoglobin, thereby releasing heme, which is converted to hemozoin. Chloroquine enters RBC and gets protonated and prevents hemozoin formation, thus causing buildup of heme protein. Then, chloroquine attaches to heme to form a toxic complex which disrupts the membrane function, thus leading to cell-lysis and eventually autodigestion of the parasite (Hempelmann, 2007; Lin et al., 2015). Its adverse effects include appetite distress, diarrhea, low RBC, muscular damage, vision problems, seizures, skin rash etc. (Michaelides et al., 2011; Murambiwa et al., 2011; Reich, Stnder and Szepietowski, 2009; Tnnesmann, Kandolf and Lewalter, 2013). The first incident of chloroquine-resistance falciparum was reported in 1950s; since then, various resistant forms have surfaced. Falciparum efficiently counteract the effects of chloroquine due to mutations in transporter (PfCRT) gene (Martin et al., 2009). Other genes involved in development of drug-resistance are ABC transporter multidrug-resistance (PfMDR1) and chloroquine-transporter CG2 protein (Tripathi, 2013). Chloroquine has been the drug of choice for unconfirmed cases of malaria or vivax infection. But chances of developing drug-resistance are higher due to improper drug use. So, one must consider the chances of increase of chloroquine-resistant vivax infection in Pakistan (Price et al., 2014). The appearance of the F1076L mutation in pvmdr1 gene in Pakistan, responsible for drug-resistance in vivax in 2013 draws attention to the looming threat of resistance development (Khattak et al., 2013; Waheed et al., 2015). Amodiaquine - It is another drug of 4-aminoquinoline category, used against uncomplicated reports of falciparum malaria. It is highly recommended in combination with artesunate to decrease the risk of drug-resistance (Bobenchik et al., 2010; WHO, 2015), but is usually not prescribed due to its rare but severe adverse effects. Some adverse effects include decrease in blood cell or hepatic distress and at high doses, it may cause cardiac arrest, headaches, seizures, and troubled vision (Nair et al., 2012; Olliaro and Mussano, 2016; Tagbor, Chandramohan, and Greenwood, 2007). It has become a chief drug used along with artensunate in uncomplicated case of falciparum infection and is a frequently chosen alternative to chloroquine, due to its affordability and efficacy against chloroquine-resistant species in Pakistan. It is extensively preferred for the management of vivax and falciparum infection. Yet, there were reports of cross-resistance between chloroquine and amodiaquine in the Sout h Asian region (Hay et al., 2009). Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine - The combination of sulfadoxine (sulfonamide) and pyrimethamine (antiprotozoal) is used against malaria infection (WHO, 2008) in combination with other antimalarial drugs. Sulfonamide acts by competing with the p-amino benzoic acid during folate synthesis while the pyrimethamine selectively inhibits the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme present in protozoa, thus stopping the production of tetrahydrofolate. Combined treatment of the two drugs was approved in 1981 for use in USA and is now present on the List of Essential Medicines released by the WHO (WHO, 2015). It is more successful in the management of falciparum infection and undiagnosed malaria cases (Leslie et al., 2007). Yet, it is not recommended as a routine drug owing to its adverse effects, but simply to manage severe malaria or in areas where other medicaments are ineffective. Adverse effects include headache, rash, diarrhea, hair loss, abdominal cramps, aplastic anemia, atrophic glossitis, fever, hepatic inflammation, liver necrosis, renal toxicity, photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, weight loss etc. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) - It is the procedure of spraying the indoors of a closed facility with insecticides to eradicate mosquitoes that carry malaria infection. Insecticides are sprayed on the inner walls so that the mosquitoes can be killed or kept at bay which prevents the transmission of malaria infection (Aregawi et al., 2009). Earlier, it was only recommended for vicinities with sporadic infection of malaria, but in 2006 it started advocating the use of IRS in regions of endemic, and stable malaria infection (van den Berg , 2009). According to the Cochrane review, IRS is a successful strategy for decreasing malaria infection (Pluess et al., 2010). But only a handful of studies have evaluated the economical aspects of IRS with any other means of controlling malaria infection (Yukich et al., 2008). Yet with respect to the usage of a variety of pesticides, DDT has been thought to be the cost effective, since it last for longer time thus reducing the frequency of spraying. Yet, studies on cost effectiveness and adverse effects of pesticides use on human and environment health are still less. Another aspect to be considered is that almost 80% of dwellings must be sprayed with pesticides for IRS to be effective (WHO, 2006) otherwise the program wont be a success. People are often more resistant towards DDT spray due to its smell or stains on the inner walls (Mabaso, Sharp Lengeler, 2004; Thurow, 2001). In that case, pyrethroid insecticides are more satisfactory as they dont leave any visible residues. Malathion spraying in the North West Frontier Province in Pakistan provided protective efficacy of 52.5% against falciparum infection while 40.5% against vivax infection. The vector (Anopheles stephensi) is identified as resistant to malathion in the region, and changing from malathion to another insecticide, lambda-cyhalothrin for spraying increased the protection efficacy. Conversely, a constant malathion spraying drive decreased the frequency of malari a infection, when used along with ITNs by almost 90% in Pakistan. It was estimated that the spraying plans would be economical than the use of ITNs (Rowland et al., 1997a; Rowland et al., 1997b; Rowland, 1999). Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) Mosquito bed-nets which are previously treated with insecticides (ITNs) were first made for malaria prevention in the 1980s. They are presumed to be twice as efficient as common bed-nets, and almost 70% more effective than having no net (Bachou et al., 2006). These nets are dipped in a pyrethroid insecticide (permethrin or) which aids in killing or repelling the mosquitoes. For maximum efficiency, ITNs must be dipped in pesticides after every six months. But, it poses a considerable logistical setback in rural parts. So, now latest ITNs with long lasting insecticides (Long lasting insecticidal nets [LLINs]) have replaced the older versions in many nations (Masum et al., 2010). ITNs have been demonstrated to be cost-efficient effective in malaria prevention (WHO, 2013). ITNs defend people who sleep under them and concurrently kill mosquitoes that get in touch with the nets. It offers some security to others sleeping in the same vicinity but without a net. But, studies have also sugge sted that transmission of disease may be aggravated with the loss of insecticidal property of bed-nets. Also, those who are not using ITN near the net users might experience elevated bites as mosquitoes get deflected from the non fatal ITN users. This could augment the malaria transmission in densely populated areas (Yakob Guiyun, 2009). In the North West Frontier Province, Pakistan, the permethrin-treated bed-nets offered a protective efficacy of 61% against falciparum infection while 47% against vivax infection (Rowland et al., 1997a; Rowland et al., 1997b; Rowland, 1999). References Aregawi, M., Cibulskis, R.E., Otten, M. and Williams, R., 2009.World malaria report 2009. World Health Organization. Bachou, H., Tylleskr, T., Kaddu-Mulindwa, D.H. and Tumwine, J.K., 2006. Bacteraemia among severely malnourished children infected and uninfected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Kampala, Uganda.BMC infectious diseases,6(1), p.160. Bobenchik, A.M., Choi, J.Y., Mishra, A., Rujan, I.N., Hao, B., Voelker, D.R., Hoch, J.C. and Mamoun, C.B., 2010. Identification of inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase using an enzyme-coupled transmethylation assay.BMC biochemistry,11(1), p.4. Hay, S.I., Guerra, C.A., Gething, P.W., Patil, A.P., Tatem, A.J., Noor, A.M., Kabaria, C.W., Manh, B.H., Elyazar, I.R., Brooker, S. and Smith, D.L., 2009. A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007.PLoS Med,6(3), p.e1000048. Hempelmann, E., 2007. Hemozoin biocrystallization in Plasmodium falciparum and the antimalarial activity of crystallization inhibitors.Parasitology research,100(4), pp.671-676. Khattak, A.A., Venkatesan, M., Khatoon, L., Ouattara, A., Kenefic, L.J., Nadeem, M.F., Nighat, F., Malik, S.A. and Plowe, C.V., 2013. Prevalence and patterns of antifolate and chloroquine drug resistance markers in Plasmodium vivax across Pakistan.Malaria journal,12(1), p.310. Leslie, T., Mayan, M.I., Hasan, M.A., Safi, M.H., Klinkenberg, E., Whitty, C.J. and Rowland, M., 2007. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, chlorproguanil-dapsone, or chloroquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Afghanistan and Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial.Jama,297(20), pp.2201-2209. Lin, J.W., Spaccapelo, R., Schwarzer, E., Sajid, M., Annoura, T., Deroost, K., Ravelli, R.B., Aime, E., Capuccini, B., Mommaas-Kienhuis, A.M. and OToole, T., 2015. Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine resistance.Journal of Experimental Medicine,212(6), pp.893-903. Mabaso, M.L., Sharp, B. and Lengeler, C., 2004. Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house?spraying.Tropical Medicine International Health,9(8), pp.846-856. Martin, R.E., Marchetti, R.V., Cowan, A.I., Howitt, S.M., Brer, S. and Kirk, K., 2009. Chloroquine transport via the malaria parasites chloroquine resistance transporter.science,325(5948), pp.1680-1682. Masum, H., Shah, R., Schroeder, K., Daar, A.S. and Singer, P.A., 2010. Africa's largest long-lasting insecticide-treated net producer: lessons from A to Z Textiles.BMC international health and human rights,10(1), p.S6. Michaelides, M., Stover, N.B., Francis, P.J. and Weleber, R.G., 2011. Retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: risk factors, screening, and progression despite cessation of therapy.Archives of ophthalmology,129(1), pp.30-39. Murambiwa, P., Masola, B., Govender, T., Mukaratirwa, S. and Musabayane, C.T., 2011. Anti-malarial drug formulations and novel delivery systems: a review.Acta tropica,118(2), pp.71-79. Na?Bangchang, K. and Karbwang, J., 2009. Current status of malaria chemotherapy and the role of pharmacology in antimalarial drug research and development.Fundamental clinical pharmacology,23(4), pp.387-409. Nair, A., Abrahamsson, B., Barends, D.M., Groot, D.W., Kopp, S., Polli, J.E., Shah, V.P. and Dressman, J.B., 2012. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: Amodiaquine hydrochloride.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences,101(12), pp.4390-4401. Olliaro, P. and Mussano, P., 2016. Amodiaquine for treating malaria.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), pp.1-37. Petersen, I., Eastman, R. and Lanzer, M., 2011. Drug?resistant malaria: Molecular mechanisms and implications for public health.FEBS letters,585(11), pp.1551-1562. Pluess, B., Tanser, F.C., Lengeler, C. and Sharp, B.L., 2010. Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria.The Cochrane Library. Price, R.N., von Seidlein, L., Valecha, N., Nosten, F., Baird, J.K. and White, N.J., 2014. Global extent of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet infectious diseases,14(10), pp.982-991. Reich, A., Stnder, S. and Szepietowski, J.C., 2009. Drug-induced pruritus: a review.Acta dermato-venereologica,89(3), pp.236-244. Rowland, M., 1999. Malaria control in the Afghan refugee camps of western Pakistan.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,93(5), pp.458-459. Rowland, M., Hewitt, S., Durrani, N., Bano, N. and Wirtz, R., 1997. Transmission and control of vivax malaria in Afghan refugee settlements in Pakistan.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,91(3), pp.252-255.b Rowland, M., Hewitt, S., Durrani, N., Saleh, P., Bouma, M. and Sondorp, E., 1997. Sustainability of pyrethroid-impregnated bednets for malaria control in Afghan communities.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,75(1), p.23.a Tagbor, H.K., Chandramohan, D. and Greenwood, B., 2007. The safety of amodiaquine use in pregnant women.Expert opinion on drug safety,6(6), pp.631-635. Thurow, R., 2001. In malaria war, south africa turns to pesticide long banned in the west.Wall Street Journal, July,26, p.2001. Tnnesmann, E., Kandolf, R. and Lewalter, T., 2013. Chloroquine cardiomyopathya review of the literature.Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology,35(3), pp.434-442. Tripathi, K.D., 2013.Essentials of medical pharmacology. JP Medical Ltd. van den Berg, H., 2009. Global status of DDT and its alternatives for use in vector control to prevent disease.Environmental health perspectives,117(11), p.1656. Waheed, A.A., Ghanchi, N.K., Rehman, K.A., Raza, A., Mahmood, S.F. and Beg, M.A., 2015. Vivax malaria and chloroquine resistance: a neglected disease as an emerging threat.Malaria journal,14(1), p.146. WHO Expert Committee on the Selection, Use of Essential Medicines and World Health Organization, 2008.The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines(Vol. 950). World Health Organization. World Health Organization (WHO), WHO model list of essential medicines19th list (2015). World Health Organization, 2006. Indoor residual spraying: use of indoor residual spraying for scaling up global malaria control and elimination.Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization, 2008.World malaria report 2008. World Health Organization. World Health Organization, 2013. MDG 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.Updated February. Yakob, L. and Yan, G., 2009. Modeling the effects of integrating larval habitat source reduction and insecticide treated nets for malaria control.PLoS One,4(9), p.e6921. Yukich, J.O., Lengeler, C., Tediosi, F., Brown, N., Mulligan, J.A., Chavasse, D., Stevens, W., Justino, J., Conteh, L., Maharaj, R. and Erskine, M., 2008. Costs and consequences of large-scale vector control for malaria.Malaria journal,7(1), p.258.

Summary a Dolls House free essay sample

By the end of this first act, Nora is emerging from the protection of her married life to confront the conditions of the outside world. Although she has been content in being a protected and cared-for housewife during the past eight years, and has once averted a crisis by finding a way to borrow money for the sake of Torvalds health, Nora has never learned to overtly challenge her environment. Christine, on the other hand, has independently faced lifes challenge, although she too sought protection by marrying for the sake of financial convenience. Her harsh experience as a widow who was forced to earn her own livelihood stands in sharp contrast to the insulated and frivolous life which Nora leads. Having learned, through suffering, the value of truthful human relationships, Christine is the first person to recognize that Noras marriage is based on deception. The device Ibsen uses to describe the Thorvalds deceptive marital relationship is the problem of Noras debt. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary a Dolls House or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To prevent Torvald from discovering her secret, he shows how Nora has developed the manner of an evasive, charming adolescent whose whims and caprices her grown-up husband must indulge. This bolsters Thorvalds self-image as a protector of the weak, the head of a dependent household, and the instructor of the mentally inferior. The audience is immediately aware of Torvalds shallowness as he utters his first condescending words to his wife. Nora herself provides further evidence: when she says that Torvald might one day tire of her reciting and dressing-up and dancing, she unknowingly describes the decadence of her marital relationship. Pedantic and pompous, Torvald sometimes seems like a father who enjoys the innocence of a favorite daughter. Setting up rules of behavior (prohibiting Noras macaroons, for instance), instructing his wife even in her very dress, Torvald shows that he regards her as a plaything or a pet rather than an independent person. These attitudes suggest the baldly sexual nature of Torvalds marriage; the theme is later expanded in following acts until Nora recognizes her position and finds her role repulsive as well as humiliating. Krogstad shows Nora another deceptive quality about the nature of the world: an individual is responsible for his own acts. Society punishes its lawbreaker; the innocent wife acting to save the life of her loved one is equally as guilty as the unscrupulous opportunist who acts out of expediency. Once recognizing the parallel between the morally diseased Krogstad and herself, Nora begins to confront the realities of the world and with this new knowledge must draw the inevitable conclusions. ACT II In this act, Nora learns that she alone must face the consequences of her guilt. Refusing to allow Torvald to take the blame, she prepares to kill herself. The theme of death in this scene suggests a parallel between Nora and Dr. Rank, for the knowledge of his death coincides with her decision to commit suicide. Her tarantella is then a symbolic death dance which Rank, fittingly, plays for her on the piano. At the same time, since Torvald has chosen her dance costume to be that of a Capri fisher girl, the tarantella symbolizes their wedding, for Nora and Torvald learned the dance while honeymooning in Italy. Her dancing will be her final mortal performance, for Nora views the end of the party not only as the termination of her marriage, but as the last moments of her life. The scene between Nora and Dr. Rank is a significant one. Not only does it underscore the pollution and infection which a guilty parent can pass on to his children — Nora being the guilt-ridden parent, Rank the victim of venereal disease — but it shows the youthful innocence of Nora. Accustomed to approaching her husband in a mood of adolescent flirtatiousness, Nora treats Dr. Rank the same way as she shows him her leg dressed in the new silk stockings. When Rank responds with a declaration of love instead of amused paternity, Nora recognizes for the first time the underlying sexual nature of her relationship with Torvald. This sudden understanding prevents her asking Dr. Rank for the big proof of friendship which she would have been able to accept innocently from a family friend. Knowing that receiving payment from a lover places one in a horribly painful position reminds Nora how she has always cajoled Torvald to give her little presents of money. With this understanding, she begins to recognize how Torvald, regarding her as a romantic object, violates her personal independence. Nora learns more about Torvalds weakness of character in this act although she does not realize the full significance of this insight until the following scene. When Torvald tells her that he wishes to get rid of Krogstad, not because he judges him morally incompetent but because he is ashamed to admit friendship with a man held to be disreputable, Nora observes that Torvald is quite different from the moralizing and respectable usband she has admired for eight years. Despite this insight, she still believes, as she tells Christine, that the wonderful thing will still take place — the proud terrible moment when Torvald discovers the forgery and takes all the guilt upon himself. ACTIII Clearly explaining the reasons for her sudden departure, Nora summarizes the entire play during her last speeches with Torvald. Discovering that her husband confuses appearance with values, that he is more concerned with his position in society than with the emotional needs of his wife, Nora is forced to confront her personal worthlessness. Rather than remain part of a marriage based on an intolerable lie, she chooses to leave her home and discover for herself the individuality which life with Torvald has denied her. Central to this act, and in fact to the whole play, is Noras concept of the wonderful thing, the moment when she and Torvald would achieve a real wedlock. In the course of the drama, she has learned that the ideal union takes place when husband and wife regard each other as rational individuals who are aware of societys demands and can fulfill their separate responsibilities with sophistication and mutual respect. In another sense, the wonderful thing is merely a code word for a relationship whose values are freed from the mystique which society has attached to marriage with concepts like duty, r espectability, cozy home, happy family, and the rest of the stereotyped images such phrases suggest.